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        <ul>
            <li><a href="#prac1">PRACTICAL 1</a></li>
            <li><a href="#prac2">PRACTICAL 2</a></li>
            <li><a href="#prac3">PRACTICAL 3</a></li>
            <li><a href="#prac4">PRACTICAL 4</a></li>
            <li><a href="#prac5">PRACTICAL 5</a></li>
            <li><a href="#prac6">PRACTICAL 6</a></li>
            <li><a href="#prac7">PRACTICAL 7</a></li>
            <li><a href="#prac8">PRACTICAL 8</a></li>
            <li><a href="#prac9">PRACTICAL 9</a></li>
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        <section id="prac1">
            <h2>BASIC C++ PROGRAM's</h2>
            <pre><code>
                1. write a cpp program to create a simple calculator 

                #include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                int main(){
                char op;
                float num1, num2;
                cout&lt;&lt;"enter two number's:"&lt;&lt;endl;
                cin&gt;&gt;num1&gt;&gt;num2;
                cout&lt;&lt;"enter the operator"&lt;&lt;endl;
                cin&gt;&gt;op;
                switch(op){
                    case '+': cout&lt;&lt;"addition:"&lt;&lt;num1+num2&lt;&lt;endl;
                        break;
                    case '-': cout&lt;&lt;"subtraction:"&lt;&lt;num1-num2&lt;&lt;endl;
                        break;
                    case '*': cout&lt;&lt;"multiplication:"&lt;&lt;num1*num2&lt;&lt;endl;
                        break;
                    case '/': cout&lt;&lt;"division:"&lt;&lt;num1/num2&lt;&lt;endl;
                        break;
                    default: cout&lt;&lt;"invalid operator!"&lt;&lt;endl;
                }
                return 0;
            }

            2.write a cpp program to convert seconds into hours , minutes and seconds.

            #include&lt;iostream&gt;
            using namespace std;
            int main(){
                int ts;
                float hr, sec, min;
                cout&lt;&lt;"enter total seconds:"&lt;&lt;endl;
                cin&gt;&gt;ts;
                hr = ts / 3600;
                min = (ts % 3600) / 60;
                sec = (ts % 3600) % 60;
                cout&lt;&lt;"seconds in hours: "&lt;&lt;hr&lt;&lt;endl;
                cout&lt;&lt;"seconds in minutes: "&lt;&lt;min&lt;&lt;endl;
                cout&lt;&lt;"seconds in seconds: "&lt;&lt;sec&lt;&lt;endl;
                return 0;
            }

            3.write a cpp program to find a volume of square, cone, rectangle

            #include&lt;iostream&gt;
            using namespace std;
            int main(){
                float a, b, c, d, e, f;
                cout&lt;&lt;"enter a side :"&lt;&lt;endl;
                cin&gt;&gt;a;
                cout&lt;&lt;"volume of square :"&lt;&lt;a*a&lt;&lt;endl;
                cout&lt;&lt;"enter radius and height :"&lt;&lt;endl;
                cin&gt;&gt;c&gt;&gt;b;
                cout&lt;&lt;"volume of cone :"&lt;&lt;(3.14*c*c*b)&lt;&lt;endl;
                cout&lt;&lt;"enter rectangle values:"&lt;&lt;endl;
                cin&gt;&gt;d&gt;&gt;e&gt;&gt;f;
                cout&lt;&lt;"volume of rectangle :"&lt;&lt;d*e*f&lt;&lt;endl;
                return 0;
            }
            </code></pre>
            <!-- Add more content as needed -->
        </section>

        <section id="prac2">
            <h2>CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS PROGRAM'S</h2>
            <pre><code>
                1.write a cpp program to find the greatest of 3 numbers 

                #include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                int main(){
                    int a,b,c;
                    cout&lt;&lt;"enter a: "&lt;&lt;endl;
                    cin&gt;&gt;a;
                    cout&lt;&lt;"enter b: "&lt;&lt;endl;
                    cin&gt;&gt;b;
                    cout&lt;&lt;"enter c: "&lt;&lt;endl;
                    cin&gt;&gt;c;
                    if(a&gt;b&amp;&amp;a&gt;c){
                            cout&lt;&lt;"a is greater than b &amp; c"&lt;&lt;endl;
                        }
                    else if(b&gt;a&amp;&amp;b&gt;c){
                            cout&lt;&lt;"b is greater than a &amp; c"&lt;&lt;endl;
                        }
                    else{
                            cout&lt;&lt;"c is greater than b &amp; a"&lt;&lt;endl;
                        }
                    return 0;
                }

                2.write a cpp program ro find total no. of even and odd numbers
                 
                #include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                int main(){
                    //write a code to print the number of even number till the number 
                    int n,evencount,oddcount;
                    evencount=0;
                    oddcount=0;
                    cout&lt;&lt;"enter the number: "&lt;&lt;endl;
                    cin&gt;&gt;n;
                    for(int i=1;i&lt;=n;i++){
                        if(i%2==0){
                            evencount=evencount+1;
                        }
                        else{
                            oddcount=oddcount+1;
                        }
                    }
                    cout&lt;&lt;"number of even: "&lt;&lt;evencount&lt;&lt;endl;
                    cout&lt;&lt;"number of odd: "&lt;&lt;oddcount&lt;&lt;endl;
                    return 0;
                }

                3.write a cpp program ro generate prime number between 1 and n , where n is input

                #include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                int main(){
                    int n;
                    int chk=0;
                    cout&lt;&lt;"enter the number: "&lt;&lt;endl;
                    cin&gt;&gt;n;
                    for(int i=1;i&lt;=n;i++)
                    {
                        for(int j=2;j&lt;i;j++)
                        {
                            if(i%j==0)
                            {
                            chk++;
                            break;
                            }
                        
                        }
                    if(chk==0&amp;&amp;i!=1)
                    {
                    cout&lt;&lt;i&lt;&lt;endl;
                    }
                    chk=0;
                    }
                    return 0;
                }

            </code></pre>
            <!-- Add more content as needed -->
        </section>

        <section id="prac3">
            <h2>CLASSES AND OBJECTS</h2>
            <pre><CODE>
                1. cpp program using classes and object student to print name of student , roll no. display the same.

                #include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;

                class student{
                    public:
                        string name;
                        int roll_no;
                        void input(){
                            cout&lt;&lt;"enter name: "&lt;&lt;endl;
                            cin&gt;&gt;name;
                            cout&lt;&lt;"enter roll no: "&lt;&lt;endl;
                            cin&gt;&gt;roll_no;
                        }
                        void display()
                        {
                            cout&lt;&lt;"name is: "&lt;&lt;name&lt;&lt;endl;
                            cout&lt;&lt;"roll no is: "&lt;&lt;roll_no&lt;&lt;endl;
                        }
                };

                int main(){
                    student s;
                    s.input();
                    s.display();
                    return 0;
                }

                2.cpp program for bank employee to print name of the a/c no and balance. display the same also display balanace , withdraw and deposit

                #include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;

                class bank
                {  
                public:
                    string name; 
                    int acc;
                    float bala;
                    void input(){
                        cout&lt;&lt;"enter name :"&lt;&lt;endl;
                        cin&gt;&gt;name;
                        cout&lt;&lt;"enter a/c no:"&lt;&lt;endl;
                        cin&gt;&gt;acc;
                        cout&lt;&lt;"Balance :"&lt;&lt;endl;
                        cin&gt;&gt;bala;
                    }
                    
                    void funuc(){
                        int choi;
                        float add,sub,ans;
                        cout&lt;&lt;"enter 1 for withdraw,or else 2 for deposit: "&lt;&lt;endl;
                        cin&gt;&gt;choi;
                        switch(choi){
                            case 1:
                                cout&lt;&lt;"acc no: "&lt;&lt;acc&lt;&lt;endl;
                                cout&lt;&lt;"current bala:"&lt;&lt;bala&lt;&lt;endl;
                                cout&lt;&lt;"enter the amt:"&lt;&lt;endl;
                                cin&gt;&gt;sub;
                                cout&lt;&lt;"balance after withdrawl:"&lt;&lt;bala-sub&lt;&lt;endl;
                                break;
                                
                            case 2:
                                cout&lt;&lt;"acc no: "&lt;&lt;acc&lt;&lt;endl;
                                cout&lt;&lt;"current bala:"&lt;&lt;bala&lt;&lt;endl;
                                cout&lt;&lt;"enter the amt:"&lt;&lt;endl;
                                cin&gt;&gt;add;
                                cout&lt;&lt;"balance after deposit:"&lt;&lt;bala+add&lt;&lt;endl;
                                break;
                        }
                    }
                };

                int main()
                {
                    bank Adi;
                    Adi.input();
                    Adi.funuc();
                    return 0;
                }

                3.write a cpp program to design a class havind static member function names showcount(), which has property of displaying the number of object created of the class

                #include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;

                class test{
                private:
                    int code;
                    static int count;
                public:
                    void set_code(){
                        code=++count;
                    }
                    void show_code(){
                        cout&lt;&lt;"object number:"&lt;&lt;code&lt;&lt;endl;
                    }
                    static void show_count(){
                        cout&lt;&lt;"count: "&lt;&lt;count&lt;&lt;endl;
                    }
                };

                int test::count;

                int main(){
                    test t1, t2, t3;
                    t1.set_code();
                    t1.show_code();
                    t2.set_code();
                    t2.show_code();
                    t3.set_code();
                    t3.show_code();
                    return 0;
                }

                4.write a cpp program to find maximum out of two numbers using friend function.

                #include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;

                class b; // Forward declaration

                class a{
                    int n;
                public:
                    a(int x){
                        n = x;
                    }
                    friend void greatest(a a1, b b1);
                };

                class b{
                    int n1;
                public:
                    b(int x){
                        n1 = x;
                    }
                    friend void greatest(a a1, b b1);
                };

                void greatest(a a1, b b1){
                    if(a1.n > b1.n1){
                        cout&lt;&lt;"number in class a is greatest: "&lt;&lt;a1.n&lt;&lt;endl;
                    }
                    else if(a1.n < b1.n1){
                        cout&lt;&lt;"number in class b is greatest: "&lt;&lt;b1.n1&lt;&lt;endl;
                    }
                    else{
                        cout&lt;&lt;"both numbers are equal"&lt;&lt;endl;
                    }
                }

                int main(){
                    cout&lt;&lt;"Program to find greatest of 2 numbers in 2 different classes using friend function"&lt;&lt;endl;
                    int n1, n2;
                    cout&lt;&lt;"Enter number for class a: "&lt;&lt;endl;
                    cin&gt;&gt;n1;
                    a a1(n1);
                    cout&lt;&lt;"Enter number for class b: "&lt;&lt;endl;
                    cin&gt;&gt;n2;
                    b b1(n2);
                    greatest(a1, b1);
                    cout&lt;&lt;"/n";
                    return 0;

                5.write a cpp progra using copy constructor to copy data of an objecto to another object

                    #include&lt;iostream&gt;
                    using namespace std;
                    
                    class student{
                    public:
                        int rollcall;
                        float cgpa;
                        student(){
                            //default constructor
                            rollcall=0;
                            cgpa=0.00;
                        }
                        student(int x,float y){
                            //parameter constructor
                            rollcall=x;
                            cgpa=y;
                        }
                        student(student&amp; a){
                            //copy constructor
                            rollcall=a.rollcall;
                            cgpa=a.cgpa;
                        }
                    };
                    
                    int main(){
                        student om(14,95.35);
                        student aditya(om);
                        student appa;
                        cout&lt;&lt;"om's rollno:"&lt;&lt;om.rollcall&lt;&lt;endl;
                        cout&lt;&lt;"om's cgpa:"&lt;&lt;om.cgpa&lt;&lt;endl;
                        cout&lt;&lt;"aditya's rollno:"&lt;&lt;aditya.rollcall&lt;&lt;endl;
                        cout&lt;&lt;"aditya's cgpa:"&lt;&lt;aditya.cgpa&lt;&lt;endl;
                        cout&lt;&lt;"appa's rollno:"&lt;&lt;appa.rollcall&lt;&lt;endl;
                        cout&lt;&lt;"appa's cgpa:"&lt;&lt;appa.cgpa&lt;&lt;endl;
                        return 0;
                    }

                    6.write a cpp program to allocate memory dynamically for an object of a given class using class constructor 

                    #include&lt;iostream&gt;
                    using namespace std;

                    class dynamic{
                        const char*p;
                        public:
                            dynamic(){
                                p=new char[6];
                                p="geeks";
                            }
                        void display(){
                            cout&lt;&lt;p&lt;&lt;endl;
                        }	
                    };

                    int main(){
                        dynamic d1;
                        d1.display();
                        return 0;
                    }
            </CODE></pre>
        </section>

        <section id="prac4">
            <h2>INHERITANCE </h2>
            <PRE><CODE>
                1.write a cpp program to illustrate single inheritance.
                
                &lt;#include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                class Vehicle
                {
                public:
                    Vehicle()
                    {
                    cout &lt;&lt; "This is a Vehicle\n"; 
                    }
                };
                
                class Car: public Vehicle
                {
                };
                int main()
                {
                    Car obj;
                    return 0;
                }
                
                2.write a program to illustrate multiple inheritance.
                
                &lt;#include &lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                class Vehicle
                {
                public:
                    Vehicle()
                    {
                    cout &lt;&lt; "This is a Vehicle\n";
                    } };
                class Four Wheeler
                {
                public:
                    FourWheeler()
                    {
                        cout &lt;&lt; "This is a 4 wheeler Vehicle\n";
                    }};
                
                class Car: public Vehicle, public FourWheeler {
                };
                int main()
                {
                    Car obj;
                    return 0;
                }
                
                3. write a cpp program to illustrate multi level inheritance.
                
                &lt;#include &lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                class Vehicle
                {
                public:
                    Vehicle() { cout &lt;&lt; "This is a Vehicle\n"; }
                };
                class fourWheeler: public Vehicle
                {
                public:
                    FourWheeler()
                    {
                        cout &lt;&lt; "Objects with 4 wheels are vehicles\n";
                    }
                };
                class Car public fourWheeler
                {
                public:
                    Car()
                    { cout &lt;&lt; "Car has 4 Wheels\n"; }
                };
                int main()
                {
                    Car obj;
                    return 0;
                }
                
                4.write a cpp program to illustrate hiearchichal in heritance
                
                &lt;#include &lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                class Vehicle {
                public:
                    Vehicle() { cout &lt;&lt; "This is a Wehicle\n"; }
                };
                class Car: public Vehicle
                {
                };
                class Bus: public Vehicle
                {
                };
                int main()
                {
                    Car obj1;
                    Bus obj2;
                    return 0;
                }   
            </CODE></PRE>
        </section>

        <section id="prac5">
            <h2>HYBRID INHERITENCE</h2>
           <PRE><CODE>
            #include&lt;iostream&gt;
            using namespace std;

            class student{
            public:
                int rollno = 15;
                void fun1(){
                    cout &lt;&lt; "roll no is:\t" &lt;&lt; rollno &lt;&lt; endl;
                }
            };

            class test : public student{
            public:
                int sub1 = 25;
                int sub2 = 30;
                void fun2(){
                    cout &lt;&lt; "marks of sub1 and sub2 are:\t" &lt;&lt; sub1 &lt;&lt; "\t" &lt;&lt; sub2 &lt;&lt; endl;
                }
            };

            class sport{
            public:
                int score = 35;
                void fun3(){
                    cout &lt;&lt; "score is:" &lt;&lt; score &lt;&lt; endl;
                }
            };

            class result : public sport, public test{
            public:
                void fun4(){
                    int total = sub1 + sub2 + score;
                    cout &lt;&lt; "total score is:\t" &lt;&lt; total &lt;&lt; endl;
                }
            };

            int main(){
                result r1;
                r1.fun1();
                r1.fun2();
                r1.fun3();
                r1.fun4();
                return 0;
            }
        </CODE></PRE>
        </section>
        <section id="prac6">
            <h2>POINTERS</h2>
           <PRE><CODE>
            #include&lt;iostream&gt;
            using namespace std;

            class person
            {
                char name[20];
                int age;
            public:
                void getdata(){
                    cout &lt;&lt; "enter name:" &lt;&lt; endl;
                    cin &gt;&gt; name;
                    cout &lt;&lt; "enter age:" &lt;&lt; endl;
                    cin &gt;&gt; age;
                }
                
                void putdata(){
                    cout &lt;&lt; "\n\n details about eldest person as follows:" &lt;&lt; endl;
                    cout &lt;&lt; "\n name=" &lt;&lt; name &lt;&lt; "\n age=" &lt;&lt; age &lt;&lt; endl;
                }
                
                person &Compare(person &p1){
                    if(p1.age > this->age)
                        return p1;
                    else
                        return *this;
                }
            };

            int main(){
                person x, y, z;
                x.getdata();
                y.getdata();
                z = x.Compare(y);
                z.putdata();
                return 0;
            }
           </CODE></PRE>
        </section>
        <section id="prac7">
            <h2>VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS</h2>
           <PRE><CODE>
            #include&lt;iostream&gt;
            using namespace std;

            class base{
            public:
                void display(){
                    cout &lt;&lt; "\ndisplay base" &lt;&lt; endl;
                }
                virtual void show(){
                    cout &lt;&lt; "\n show base" &lt;&lt; endl;
                }
            };

            class derived : public base{
            public:
                void display(){
                    cout &lt;&lt; "\ndisplay derived" &lt;&lt; endl;
                }
                
                void show(){
                    cout &lt;&lt; "\n show derived" &lt;&lt; endl;
                }
            };

            int main(){
                base b;
                derived d;
                base *bptr;
                
                cout &lt;&lt; "\n bptr points to base:\n" &lt;&lt; endl;
                bptr = &b;
                bptr->display();
                bptr->show();
                
                cout &lt;&lt; "\n\nbptr points to derived:\n" &lt;&lt; endl;
                bptr = &d;
                bptr->display();
                bptr->show();
                
                return 0;
            }
           </CODE></PRE>
        </section>
        <section id="prac8">
            <h2>EXCEPTION HANDLING</h2>
           <PRE><CODE>
               1. write a cpp program to implement the exception handling with multiple catch statement.

                &lt;#include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                void test(int x)
                {
                  try
                  {
                    if (x &gt; 0)
                        throw x;
                    else
                        throw 'x';
                }
                catch (int x)
                {
                    cout &lt;&lt; "Catch a integer and that integer is:" &lt;&lt; x&lt;&lt;endl;
                }
                catch (char x)
                {
                    cout &lt;&lt; "Catch a character and that character is:" &lt;&lt; x&lt;&lt;endl;
                }
                 int main()
                 {
                    cout &lt;&lt; "Testing multiple catches: \n";
                    test(10);
                    test(0);
                }
                
                2.write a cpp program to implement the exception handling with rethrowing in exception.
                
                &lt;#include&lt;iostream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                void sub(int i, int j)
                {
                  try
                  {
                    if(i==0)
                    {
                      throw i;
                    }
                    else
                      cout&lt;&lt;"Subtraction result is: "&lt;&lt;i-j&lt;&lt;endl;
                  }
                  catch(int i)
                  {
                      cout&lt;&lt;"Exception caught inside sub()\n"; throw;
                  }
                };
                int main()
                {
                  try
                  {
                      sub(8,4);
                      sub(0,8);
                  } 
                  catch(int k)
                  {
                      cout&lt;&lt;"Exception caught inside main()\n";
                  }
                  return 0;
                }

           </CODE></PRE>
        </section>
        <section id="prac9">
            <h2>STRING MANIPULATION's</h2>
           <PRE><CODE>
                1 write a c++ code to show conversion from int to string.

                &lt;#include &lt;iostream&gt;
                &lt;#include&lt;sstream&gt;
                using namespace std;
                int main()
                {
                 int k;
                 cout&lt;&lt;"Enter an integer value";
                 cin&gt;&gt;k;
                 stringstream ss;
                 ss&lt;&lt;k;
                 string s;
                 ss&gt;&gt;s;
                 cout&lt;&lt;"String representation of an integer value is: "&lt;&lt;s;
                 return 0;
                }
                
               2 write a c++ program to show conersion of string to integer. 
                
                &lt;#include &lt;iostream&gt;
                &lt;#include &lt;sstream&gt; 
                using namespace std;
                int main()
                {
                string str1;
                cout&lt;&lt;"Enter an string value: ";
                cin&gt;&gt;str1;
                int intdata;
                stringstream obj;
                obj &lt;&lt; str1; // insert dato into obj 
                obj &lt;&lt; intdata; // fetch integer type data
                cout &lt;&lt; " The representation of the string to integer type data is: &lt;&lt; intdata &lt;&lt; endl;
                return 0;
                }
                
               3 write a c++ program implementing basic operation of class ios i.e setf, unsetf, precision, etc. 
                
                &lt;#include &lt;iostream&gt;
                &lt;#include &lt;fstream&gt;
                
                using namespace std;
                
                int main()
                {
                  cout &lt;&lt; "Example for formatted 10" &lt;&lt; endl;
                
                  cout &lt;&lt; "Default: " &lt;&lt; endl;
                  cout &lt;&lt; 123 &lt;&lt; endl;
                
                  cout &lt;&lt; "width(10): " &lt;&lt; endl; 
                  cout.width(10);
                  cout &lt;&lt; 123 &lt;&lt; endl;
                
                  cout &lt;&lt; "width(6) and fill('*'): " &lt;&lt; endl; 
                  cout.width(6);
                  cout.fill('*');
                  cout &lt;&lt; 123 &lt;&lt; endl;
                
                  cout.precision(5);
                  cout &lt;&lt; "precision (5) ---&gt; " &lt;&lt; 123.4567890 &lt;&lt; endl;
                  cout &lt;&lt; "precision (5) ---&gt; " &lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt; 9.876543210 &lt;&lt; endl;
                
                  cout &lt;&lt; "setf (showpos): " &lt;&lt; endl; 
                  cout.setf(ios::showpos);
                  cout &lt;&lt; 123 &lt;&lt; endl;
                
                  cout &lt;&lt; "unsetf (showpos): " &lt;&lt; endl; 
                  cout.unsetf(ios::showpos);
                  cout &lt;&lt; 123 &lt;&lt; endl;
                
                  return 0;
                }
                
               4 write a cpp program to copy the contents of file to another.
                
                &lt;#include&lt;iostream&gt;
                &lt;#include&lt;fstream&gt;
                
                using namespace std;
                int main()
                {
                fstream source, dest;
                char sfile [15], dfile[15];
                char ch;
                
                cout&lt;&lt;"Enter the source file name"&lt;&lt;endl;
                cin&gt;&gt;sfile;
                source.open(sfile,ios::in);
                cout&lt;&lt;"Enter the destination file name"&lt;&lt;endl;
                cin&gt;&gt;dfile;
                dest.open(dfile,ios::out);
                while(source.eof()==0)
                {
                source.get(ch);
                dest.put(ch);
                }
                source.close();
                dest.close();
                }

           </CODE></PRE>
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